Writing for Professional Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Composing for Professional Practice - Essay Example This has brought about the advancement of media and logical proficiencies. While in the globalized world advances spread at fast pace, there are still more than 860 million grown-ups that are ignorant. Moreover, almost 100 million need access to class. The significance of education inside contemporary society has not gone unnoticed. The United Nations has proclaimed 2003-2012 the time of Literacy as Freedom. The idea of proficiency is seen in an assortment of ways. This paper considers the different opportunities proficiency offers in a globalized society. Examination Considered from a larger point of view education has been perceived as adding to opportunity in an assortment of ways. An assessment of writing regarding the matter of proficiency opportunity shows topical hubs. Numerous scholars have concentrated on education as far as strengthening, including women’s right opportunities or rising countries (Freire 2000; Freire 2005; Dighe 1994). In any case, it’s clear t hat education reaches out to opportunities that identify with all components of society. One opportunity education manages people and populaces is security. Without a doubt, instability has been conspicuously connected to lack of education. This term is reached out to instability in an assortment of roads. Not having the option to peruse and compose is a hugely uneasiness creating experience, as people dread social defamation, deride, or an assortment of different conditions. While there is the potential that something horrendous may happen to a person that is ignorant, Knobel (1999, p. 20) shows that the very condition of being ignorant is demonstrative of something horrendous having occurred. From multiple points of view this viewpoint on education as giving the individual the opportunity of mental and passionate assistance isn't confined to populaces in Western social orders, yet can be expanded all inclusive, especially in the developing scene. Bhasin (1984, p. 37) analyzed prof iciency in India. In particular, she inspected the development and advancement of an instructive organization named the Pratichi Trust. The examination uncovered that after some time the girl’s that were admitted to the organization immediately picked up the education abilities of their male partners; along these lines proficiency managed the opportunity of sexual orientation equity. Sexual orientation equity, be that as it may, wasn’t the main opportunity increased through this education. The examination takes note of that soon the guardians got included and it empowered a more noteworthy level of network association and amicability. In Development As Freedom, Amartya Sen propels a structure that thinks about the connection among education and opportunity (Sen 2000). The thought of this structure uncovers various noticeable ways that education offers opportunity in a globalized society. One of the focal intensive puts of Sen’s structure is the acknowledgment th at proficiency regularly adds to circumstances and alternatives. The thought along these lines is that education must be considered as far as advancement. This advancement stretches out to individual and expert modes and completely impacts the individual’s presence. As opposed to explicitly considering the way that proficiency adds to opportunities or the evasion of unfreedoms, there is an accentuation on the social structures that the individual must explore. The contention at that point is that advancement in proficiency permits the individual the aptitudes essential for this route. Sen (2000, p. 284) writesn, â€Å"A kid who is prevented the open door from claiming rudimentary tutoring isn't just denied as a youth, yet in addition crippled all through life (as an individual unfit to do certain fundamental things that depend on perusing, writ-ing and arithmetic).† While Sen perceives there are significant opportunities that are accomplished through proficiency, maybe much increasingly significant is the recognitio

Shrek and Lord Farquaad Essay Example

Shrek and Lord Farquaad Paper In this exposition I will investigate the characters of Shrek and Lord Farquaad and compose how producers utilize diverse presentational gadgets to make a bizarre fantasy. Conventional Fairytales comprise of fundamental ideas and topics. Great consistently appears to vanquish fiendish. One of the characters we have all run over in fantasies is the Ogre. At the point when we first think about the Ogre, the musings and perspectives towards the character would be, right off the bat, the related words terrible and quality. These are significant qualities of the Ogre. He utilizes these to frighten off others. There is a feeling of dread in the Ogre. To summarize the Ogre, he is enormous, antagonistic, awful looking and a forlorn animal that can be considered as a trouble maker in fantasies. We will compose a custom paper test on Shrek and Lord Farquaad explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Shrek and Lord Farquaad explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Shrek and Lord Farquaad explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Another fantasy character who is regular in numerous accounts is The Prince. He is truly something contrary to the Ogre. He is normally an attractive valiant man who in fantasies saves an excellent lady who he really cherishes. The ruler is a saint in numerous stories. These two characters are significant and their qualities contribute profoundly into the importance of the story where they are found. Characters, which make up a fantasy world, are generalizations of those characters in a perfect world. For instance we move the picture of somebody daring and who is a legend into somebody like the sovereign. Language is a significant gadget. It can make the impression of good and shrewdness in the two characters. The primary character of the film and the focal point of the story is Shrek himself. The film is set up and spread out like a typical fantasy. The starting beginnings off like an ordinary fantasy, beginning Once apon a period At the very beginning of the film it is extraordinary, unpredictable and new thoughts are included, similar to when Shreks huge hand closes the book toward the start. We are acquainted with him straight away. The setting toward the start of the film isn't convention since it is set in a bog where you expect and Ogre to live. The camera shots are for the most part close-ups toward the start. They are concentrating on the character. At the point when the town individuals show up at Shreks swamp, he sees them, so he gets cross, along these lines he attempts to scare them by saying strongly, I will pound your bones for my bread and shave your liver and make jam from your eyes. He attempts to overwhelm them by saying, Ogres are more regrettable than monsters. The characters flee in dread. Shrek seems to be a traditional monstrosity since he unnerves the characters like you would anticipate that them should do. He utilizes speedy expressions to make a feeling of dread so the characters will purposely get stunned. During this scene there is a camera shot which is extremely successful. A nearby is taken of Shreks mouth to make them think he will eat them. A short time later, Shrek meets jackass. Due to Shreks nature, he promptly attempts to drive Donkey off. He follows Shrek to his bog. One of the amazing attributes about Donkey is that he can talk. Shrek thunders at him to attempt to alarm him. Jackass doesn't appear to be threatened and isn't terrified. He just says, You need a few tictacs on the grounds that your breath smells. Later on in the scene, Shrek is sat at his table when three visually impaired mice come out searching for food. He attempts to get them however comes up short. When he in the end gets them he reminds them, I am a startling Ogre, what do I need to do to get a little security around here? The conduct of jackass and the mice reveal to us that Shrek is anything but a conventional monstrosity since he doesn't generally need the mice and jackass to go as he loves their organization. From the mentalities towards these characters we can reason that Shrek is forlorn and doesnt like to be near others. Shrek isnt fit for doing terrible things to others regardless of whether he truly needed to. He feels pitiful and feels others despise him and would prefer not to become acquainted with him. Shrek and Donkey take a visit to Dulok to attempt to get Shreks Swamp back. They are going to see Lord Farquaad and reveal to him that the marsh is his and nobody elses. Shrek isn't even enigmatically scared about going to him. As the film advances, we discover that Shrek is truly not too startling. Master Farquaad orders Shrek to proceed to save Princess Fiona from the pinnacle. While in the Lords court the producers use lighting to cause it to appear to be a strained air by darkening the lights, which makes it darker. Shrek does as he is advised and goes to save the princess. The presentational gadget utilized isn't conventional. The setting is the place Shrek goes to get the princess from the pinnacle. A mythical beast stops them going to stir the princess. This scene is inverse of generalizations of conventional fantasy scenes. Everything is inverse to what it ought to be. In a conventional fantasy, an attractive ruler kills the mythical serpent, safeguards the princess and they share first love. Be that as it may, in Shrek, the monstrosity comes into the palace, doesn't kill the mythical beast and leaves. When Shrek gets to the highest point of the pinnacle he stirs Fiona vivaciously. There is no sentimental second in this part, again another untraditional gadget is utilized. Fiona is another character who isn't terrified of Shrek and can convey ordinarily. So not every person considers gravely him. At the point when they are getting away from a brisk tune is played out of sight. This makes an impact that they are anxious to get away. During the film we discover that Lord Farquaad is anything but a customary ruler as he has a shrewd side to him. You can tell hes terrible by the manner in which he talks and treats others, similar to the gingerbread man. He chuckles at him and tosses him in the canister. A presentational gadget is utilized here. Master Farquaad torments the gingerbread man and this isn't regularly the situation in fantasies. A high edge camera shot is utilized to make Lord Farquaad look large contrasted with the gingerbread man. He is short, mean, not attractive and voracious. This shows his character is unpredictable of that a fantasy sovereign. Ravenousness is demonstrated when he needs to wed a princess for being the best. A conventional ruler would need to wed a princess to share love. Ruler Farquaad is certainly not a cliché character. A wide range of camera shots are utilized in Shrek. A high edge camera shot is utilized when the camera moves from ground level upwards to uncover his pinnacle. It is helpful in light of the fact that it makes Lord Farquaad appear to be higher and increasingly regarded and Shrek and Donkey show up little land less significant. High camera edges are valuable and help the watchers to improve sentiment of whats going on. Center point camera shots are likewise utilized like when Princess Fiona is preparing breakfast. Lighting, music and audio effects are a major part in the film. Music mirrors the characters feelings, for instance when Shrek is despondent the music is moderate. Lighting regularly depicts minor occasions like the consummation of Princesss melody. More brilliant lighting includes the sentiment of a hotter and a more joyful occasion.

Reasons to Consider Further Study After a Degree

Reasons to Consider Further Study After a Degree Reasons to Consider Further Study After a Degree By Alexandra Jane Once you’ve completed your degree the big question is often “where next?” With today’s society offering a host of career options and travel opportunities it can be incredibly difficult to work out what you want to do with your future. Further study is a sensible option for many, and can be a brilliant decision for a whole host of reasons. Here are just a few of the reasons why you should consider going back to study after completing your undergraduate degree. You may not get a better chance to work doing something you love As soon as you graduate and step blinking into the real world of work, you will realize that companies will try to get as much work out of you as they can for the smallest return possible. While studying, all of the work you’re doing is for yourself, allowing you to pursue a subject you love. Every essay works towards expanding your own knowledge and skillset, you’re your tutors’ marks providing you with constructive criticism to help you improve. Continuing to study provides you with extraordinary flexibility Even if you have several hours of contact time a day (which is, let’s be honest, highly unlikely), the degree of flexibility you have while studying is almost unparalleled in the working world. Being able to chose where you work and when is a huge privilege that goes largely unappreciated. One degree is often not enough for certain careers In a modern society where a growing number of us have degrees, a university education is no longer enough to make you stand out from the crowd. Especially in science subjects, but increasingly also in the social sciences, a master’s or even a PhD is required to obtain research work in certain fields. Postdoc work is some of the most interesting work, and you may find it difficult to progress beyond low-level assistant work in research without such a qualification. Postgraduate study can help you find a clear career goal Even if you manage to secure a job from the small pool of grad opportunities, after a few months you may feel a sense of stagnation, where you’re not sure how you’ll ever progress past your current stage, especially if you’re unable to move up the career ladder with only an undergraduate degree. Completing a master’s, PhD or other qualification gives your work a clear, focused goal where you’re undoubtedly moving upwards towards a higher level of achievement. You get more time to decide what to do Becoming a perpetual student may simply be a way of delaying the transition into “real” life, but in actual fact it’s a very smart move to carry on studying if you don’t know quite what you want to do. Another year (or more!) of studying is a productive use of your time while you work out exactly where it is you want to go career-wise. Boost your earning potential One of the great advantages is that, in the long term, further qualifications will almost undoubtedly lead to greater earning potential. In order to beat out the competition for that highly-paid job, you need to go above and beyond, and an extra qualification will demonstrate this dedication. Furthermore, almost everyone who takes on a PhD does so on a funded basis, meaning that not only are you studying and furthering your own knowledge and employability â€" you’re actually being paid to do so. Alexandra Jane writes for Inspiring Interns, which help career starters and interns succeed in the workplace. To browse their  graduate jobs, including mobile jobs, visit their website.

Codes Of Gender And Gender - 1073 Words

Codes of Gender SUT JHALLY â€Å"It is only when we start to look at [advertisements] carefully that we begin to see how strange and weird they actually are and begin the process of thinking independently, for ourselves, about what the culture holds up as normal.† 50 points total 1. What are the various types of gender expressions in advertising that reflect gender identity? (5 points) The various types of gender expressions in advertising that reflect gender identity are commercialization. The way the female is displaying herself such as clothing, standing (pose), behavior, hair, and movement. 2. What does Sut Jhally mean when he says that there is nothing natural about gender identity? (5 points) What Sut Jhally means when he says†¦show more content†¦We learn that each one of us is set with different physical characteristics and traits. Individuals learn to inhabit the gender category that we’ve been assigned from culture. 4. What are the differences in which women and men are portrayed in advertisements? (15 points) Men are seen as more masculine with their appearance for example a suit and tie. Women are seen as revealing and feminine. Women are shown defenseless as they lay lying around in advertisements. Women who are seen hugging the man are seen as dependent, weak, and passive. a. Females i. What is the â€Å"feminine touch† The â€Å"feminine touch† is the way hands are presented in advertising male female. Female hands have a different relationship to reality than males. Female hands are shown as not controlling and assertive. Female hands are seen as delicate and are shown as cradling or outlining the object than taking control of it than carrying it. They are seen as presented as handling the object lightly with their fingertips and not using the whole hand versus the man. The masculine touch is very controlling, powerful assertive and manipulative to the environment. Males who apply their touch is seen as commanding and firm. ii. Ritualization of subordination through body posture (what do the various poses nonverbally communicate?) People are conditioned to believe that men who utilize these feminine postures are not real men. The body is a means of representation and body

The Invention Of Our Modern Day Fracking - 1299 Words

Yes! Greater independence from foreign oil would be a positive, and yes, cleaner air is good for your health, and most certainly, everyone loves lower gas prices. According to a spokesman from Pinnacle, a Halliburton service company, â€Å"In the more than 60 years following those first treatments, more than two million fracturing treatments have been pumped with not one documented case of any treatment polluting an aquifer – not one.†(â€Å"Shooters-A Fracking History†). This statement may lead you to believe there is no need for concern, but there is a big pink elephant in the room. Arguments against these statements would prove futile, at a first glance, but understanding the true cost, to the environment and our safety could prove more valuable than the money earned. The beginnings of our modern day fracking process reside in a U.S. Patent No. 59,936, issued to a Col. Edward Roberts, in November of 1866, during the civil war. Robert’s idea, dubbed â€Å"Exploding Torpedo†, involved dropping artillery rounds down a well, filling it with water, to concentrate the concussion, thereby fracturing the surrounding rock, allowing for greater access to the gas or oil below. (Hicks, â€Å"See an Exploding Torpedo†). This process has improved greatly and the Environmental Protection Agency now refers to hydraulic fracking as the entire process, from the gathering of water used until waste disposal. What was once thought to be cost prohibitive is now more cost effective than ever. OnceShow MoreRelatedHow Do Energy Coursing Through The Twenty First Century?1156 Words   |  5 Pagesenergy just†¦ happens? We used to burn wood in furnaces to warm our houses, but in recent years we have switched into a modern world of air conditioning and indoor heating. We plug our chargers into the wall when we sleep and our iPhones and laptops are fully charged the next morning. Oil lamps and stoves have become things of the past. We used to know exactly where warmth and light came from, but with all these new advances and inventions, we’re not so sure. So again, how does energy happen? ThereRead MoreGlobal Warming And The Negative Environmental Impacts1364 Words   |  6 Pagesdebated about topics surrounding global warming and human contribution is fracking. Fracking is the process of shooting a high pressure liquid into subterranean rocks in order for the gas to come out which is done usually to be able to sell gas at a cheaper price. Modern day fracking did not become popular until the 1990’s when a guy named George P. Mitchell combined hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. Although fracking does make buying gas cheaper people forget to look at the negative impactsRead MoreOpec And Where We Get Oil From1279 Words   |  6 PagesOPEC and Where we get oil from In the 21st century three leading producers of oil; United States with 13.7 million barrels per day, Saudi Arabia with 11.9 million barrels per day, and Russia is extracting 11 million barrels of oil per day in 2015. At the moment 50% of United State’s domestic consumption is met by the oil it produces while the other 50% must come from foreign oil to meet demands. The U.S. imports almost as much oil as we produce. Saudi Arabia is the world leading exporter of oil andRead MoreHuman Induced Climate Change : Energy Use1349 Words   |  6 Pagesunstable and devoid of the atmosphere that we know of today. It was not until bacteria were able to fix nitrogen did the Earth begin to develop its nitrogen and eventually nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere allowing modern hominids to advance. Earth was cooler after the chaotic activity of its early days subsided, experiencing multiple Ice Ages and periods of severe warming. The last major Ice Age occurred around one-hundred thousand years ago, a nd profoundly impacted life on Earth. Although Earth continuedRead MoreIs Technology More Hurtful than Beneficial?870 Words   |  3 Pagesbeneficial? Introduction: Within the last century, electronics grew faster than ever anticipated. With computers, cell phones and computers in cell phones, many consumers cannot even use the high-tech electronics sold to them. Whether through new invention or simply by means of innovation, countries are advancing in technology everyday. As technologies advance, a natural side effect of the gains they produce can be seen in the degradation of the local surrounding environments. Ground, air and waterRead MoreThe World s Oil And Its Impact On The Economy1926 Words   |  8 Pagesextracts rock to supply data that can be compared with previous analysis of rock fragments. The data compiled identifies characteristics indicative of oil reservoirs by observing soil horizons, texture, penetrability, and porosity. The concept of Oil Fracking was first tapped into by Col. Edward Roberts, a civil war veteran. During the battle of Fredericksburg, VA he drew the concept from exploding artillery into a narrow canal obstructing the battlefield (Manfreda J.). In 1866, Robert patented the â€Å"ExplodingRead MoreThe Role Of Photographer As An Agent For The Environment1228 Words   |  5 Pagesis unfair, unjust, or discriminatory so they document with all media so that others see what they see, our direct infliction of atrocity on humankind, nature, and the Earth we all inhabit. They do so with the assumption that they will elicit a kind of meaningful response from the public and decision-makers. This book considered how photographing the beauty in nature mirrored the modern invention of photography and initially, photographers captured the picturesque landscapes, exotic places and rareRead MoreWater Is The Most Valuable Resource On Earth Essay1811 Words   |  8 Pagesrivers, it is in plants, organisms and underground (Perlman). Sadly, Earth’s freshwater supply is diminishing; the natural resource is used commercially and independently. Due to overuse, fresh water needs to be preserved for as long as possible until our reservoirs are restocked. Even though Earth is 75% water, only a small part is freshwater: about 2.5% (Perlman), so saving freshwater must be the utmost priority. This essay explores the role of water from the beginning of time all the way to the presentRead MoreHow Can Make Water And Save Planet For The Planet1811 Words   |  8 Pagesfought over water-unless we change our approach to managing this precious and vital resource†(Serageldin, Eart h Wars pg. 57). One company that is part of the problem is Nestle witch According to the movie Flow: For Love of Water (2008) Nestle is pumping so much water from Michigan that some of their small water ways have turned to mud fleets or dried up and stopped flowing. Now there are ways they can change that pump less is one or maybe invest in one of the inventions that will be mentioned later.

Analysis Of Thomas Hobbes s Leviathan - 2457 Words

Laviathan, Thomas Hobbes most important work and one of the most substantial philosophical texts of the Seventeenth century, was written largely as a response to the political violence and turmoil of England’s civil wars. In Leviathan, Hobbes, using science and reason as a foundation, attempts to create a concrete and methodological solution for peace and political stability. In the context of a historically violent and fear stricken period in which Leviathan was written, it is logical that Hobbes would claim man’s principal motivation to maintain peace and avoid war is due to a fear of death, therefore forcing man to seek the preservation of life. Hobbes’ central idea in Leviathan centers on the necessity for absolute sovereignty and a commonwealth through covenant (social contract). For Hobbes, past democratic governments only encouraged factionalism and internal conflict within the state. The lack of centralized power served only to distract these governme nts from pressing issues and exterior threats, thus Hobbes believed the presence of a strong central power such as an absolute sovereign would preserve peace. Hobbes presents the essential idea of absolute sovereignty and commonwealth through the metaphor of the Leviathan. The leviathan serves as a symbol for the state. It is described, as a creature whose body is made up of all of the bodies of its citizens while the head of the Leviathan is the sovereign. The leviathan isShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Thomas Hobbes s The Leviathan Essay1171 Words   |  5 Pagesused natural law to explain the aspects of humanity, it was these men’s ideas who were key to the era of Enlightenment and life beyond it. Born on April 5 1588, Thomas Hobbes came to be known as one of the greatest philosophers in the world. In his most famous work, the Leviathan, he sets forth his ideas on government and law. Thomas Hobbes believed that all humans were born with sin. He believed that all humans were evil, cruel, greedy, and selfish. Even though he thought we were naturally evil,Read MoreAnalysis Of Thomas Hobbes s Leviathan 1268 Words   |  6 Pagesinterests under a common power. In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury writes profoundly on the arrangement of legitimate government and the structure of society by calling to attention the constant vying for â€Å"power after power that ceaseth only in death† (Hobbes, 56). Through his depiction of human interactions, Hobbes claims that there is a perpetual longing for ease and protection, knowledge, and fame (Hobbes, 56-57). When desires are conflicting, Hobbes claims that there is fierce competitionRead MoreAnalysis Of Thomas Hobbes s Leviathan 1622 Words   |  7 PagesIt could be argued that Thomas Hobbes’s claim in Leviathan that a person has no right to challenge his sovereign’s law or decision is flawed because such judgements should serve public good. Since the sovereign power’s authority to make laws or decisions has its source in its subjects, these judgements should reflect what subjects think to be good or evil, instead of prescribing how people should think. However, this argument does not take into account that although there are cases where people canRead MoreAnalysis Of Thomas Hobbes s Leviathan 1891 Words   |  8 PagesIn his book, Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes writes that human beings’ state of nature is one of constant war. He claims that man’s fundamental natural instinct is that of self-preservation, and that this leads to a violent, â€Å"every man for himself† sort of world in which there are no rules, no morals, and all persons have the freedom to do as they please. In other words: our state of nature is anarchy, rampant with chaos and conflict. The only viable alternative to this, Hobbes argues, is voluntary subjectionRead MoreAnalysis Of Thomas Hobbes s Leviathan 1087 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679) is one of t he most important philosophers of the modern age. He was associated with the most advanced thinkers of his time, Galileo, Gassendi, and Descartes. He was the first thinker of modernity that, from a psychological and anthropological analysis, attempts to establish the need for the civil state (Collins 2013). This is the subject of his most famous political work Leviathan, which is a compendium of all his philosophical thoughts (Collins 2013). Hobbes makes observationsRead MoreAnalysis Of Thomas Hobbes s The Book Leviathan 1957 Words   |  8 PagesThomas Hobbes was a 17th century philosopher, who argued that human beings are fundamentally equal by nature, and we infer that humans live under the rule of absolute sovereign. â€Å"From that law of nature by which we are obliged to transfer to another such rights as, being retained, hinder the peace of mankind, there followeth a third, which is this that men perform their covenants made†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hobbes 89). Hobbes tries to hold back peace, in order to make it seem like everyone is equal. This can createRead MoreAnalysis Of Thomas Hobbes Leviathan And Adam Smith s The Wealth Of Nations1852 Words   |  8 Pages Most important among the many big ideas in Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan and Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations are those that deal with human nature and how to create and maintain social order. In this paper, I will argue Hobbes’ lack of optimism, and Smith’s lack of pessimism in their theories of human nature, and will also discuss how our idea of social order changes once these aspects are taken into consideration. Hobbes’ theory of human nature begins with the statement that all men are createdRead MoreDo Metaphors Really Matter?1208 Words   |  5 PagesDo metaphors really matter? : An analysis of the use of metaphors in rhetoric Introduction Josà © Ortega y Gasset, a renowned philosopher once wrote: â€Å"The metaphor is probably the most fertile power possessed by man†. Metaphors form a pervasive part of rhetoric, because they have a great influence of our cognitive process. (Pauley, 2014) The use of metaphors in rhetoric is very common; as metaphors have the power to make people act despite the ideologies that are being put forth. In this essay, theRead MoreThomas Hobbes: Nature and Origins of Human Thought, Emotion, and Society2678 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction: The philosophies of Thomas Hobbes are inarguably essential foundations in materialistic thought. Idealists during his time believed that there reality is made up of concepts and nonmatter. In response to the challenge of explaining concepts that seemed only explicable through idealist thinking (such as thoughts and emotions), Hobbes used logic and reasoning to develop materialist theories – some impressively similar in nature to neurobiology. His pessimistic views of society are drawnRead MoreThe s Claim That Freedom Within Nothing More Than The Absence Of Physical Or Legal Constraints1730 Words   |  7 PagesCritically assess Hobbes s claim that freedom consists in nothing more than the absence of physical or legal constraints. In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes attempts to set up the stage for the understanding of the nature of freedom. The account holds much significance, because, what people understand freedom to be matters a great deal to their past and present life. According to Hobbes, freedom implies â€Å"the absence of opposition (by opposition I mean external impediments of motion) †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hobbes, 2005, P157)

Analysis of social Marketing

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of social Marketing. Answer: Introduction The current study concentrates on cause marketing or else cause related marketing (CRM) that indicates towards a category of marketing that essentially involves cooperative efforts and collaboration between a for profit as well as non-profit corporation. The cause marketing are necessarily designed to boost the sales of the former and the cause of the latter. The present assessment concentrates on cause-related marketing that upholds a cause or else social marketing that again furthers another cause. In addition to this, the present study also carries critical evaluates and carries out a comparative study of the website of RSPCA regarding Adopt a pet campaign and and WWF concerning Adopt an animal. Description of organizations and pets RSPCA is essentially a self-governing, non-government public-based charity delivering animal care as well as protection services. Again, RSPCA Australia is also a federal unit of the eight different autonomous state-run as well as region Australian Member Societies (Events and Fundraising, 2016). This organization intends to avert brutality to animals by dynamically endorsing animal care as well as protection. WWF Australia is a non-profit organization headquartered in Ultimo, New South Wales that partners with different entities such as governments, corporations, communities as well as individuals to counter a wide range of demanding environmental problems (Donate to WWF to help train conservation detection dogs, 2016). Product Definition: The information regarding the Adopt a pet campaign can be availed and accessed from the official website of RSPCA. The analysis of the information available from the website reveals the fact that the product of the organization in this case are the adoption of animals as pets. Therefore, pets are the products in this case for the organization RSPCA (Events and Fundraising, 2016). RSPCA has launched a website adopt a pet as a part of the campaign for promoting the cause of animal care as well as protection that boosting adoption. The different types of pets that can be treated as products of RSPCA include the following: Dog Puppy Cat Kitten Amphibian Bird Cattle Crab or else fish Farm Ferret Fowl Goat Guinea Pig Horse Pig Rabbit Reptile Rodent Sheep (Events and Fundraising, 2016) The information available from the website of WWF reflects the fact that WWF promotes a campaign for animal care and protection by means of donation (Wildlife Environmental Conservation Organisation - WWF - WWF-Australia, 2016). In this case, the product that WWF intends to market include acquirement of donations for dogs and their conservation, protection of Australian endangered species such as Bilbies, Koalas, Numbats and many others. Core Benefit: The core benefit of the campaign launched by RSPCA for boosting adoption of animals can make certain protection of animals and savings lives and providing homes to pets (Events and Fundraising, 2016). The campaign launched by WWF for gathering donations for Australian species can ensure protection of several endangered species and gain wider benefit of maintaining balanced populations of different types of animals on planet and bio diversity in the ecosystem (Wildlife Environmental Conservation Organisation - WWF - WWF-Australia, 2016). Expected Product: Expected product refers to the attributes of the particular products or else services that normally anticipate to receive at the time of making purchases (Lefebvre, 2012). Again, the marketers in this case the non-profit organizations RSPCA and the WWF also keep in mind different attributes of expected products that the target consumers intend to purchase at the time of planning of the campaigns (Domegan et al., 2013). Augmented Product: The products of both RSPCA and the WWF has can be considered to be augmented products that has both the physical as well as non-physical attribute that can be further added to augment the overall value of the products (McKenzie-Mohr, 2013). Price Definition Initial Cost: The information available from the official website of WWF reveals the fact that the campaign for donation permits the target audience to select an amount of donation from a range of alternatives that include $47, $62, $98,$134 and other (Wildlife Environmental Conservation Organisation - WWF - WWF-Australia, 2016). This can be regarded as the cost of supporting the cause. Again, the information divulged from the official website of RSPCA reflects the fact that the RSPCA as a charitable organization also depends on donations as well as support from the community. As per the Australian Veterinary Association, the Family Pooch Index has reflected that during the mean lifetime of a dog, owners need to expend on average in excess of $25,000 each animal (Wildlife Environmental Conservation Organisation - WWF - WWF-Australia, 2016). The initial are essentially incurred for initially purchasing the animal, council registration, deseing, flee as well as worm treatments, micro chipping, vaccinations, car restraints, grooming and training as well as toys and treats. The items for the ongoing costs include the annual health check-up, flee and worm treatments, food, grooming and toys and treats. Figure 1: Costs for adoption (Source: Events and Fundraising, 2016) Place Definition: The official websites of WWF and the RSPCA provides the online platform for carrying out the campaign that in turn can attract the attention of the target audience of the company. In order to make the process of adoption simpler, RSPCA has launched Adopt a Pet, countrywide website that can let the target audience of the firm to view the animals that are to be adopted at different locations of RSPCA through Australia. Similarly the donation campaign of the WWF also uses the online platform that is the official website and social media to inform the target audience of the company (Bakan, 2016). WWF gathers the donations for protecting different types of habitats at vulnerable Koala populations, saving endangered Numbets in particularly Western Australia and providing indigenous rangers in especially the Kimberly (Donate to WWF to help train conservation detection dogs, 2016). Therefore, for both the organizations, the target customers who intend to adopt or else donate for the cause of protection as well as care of animals can access the organizations through online platforms such the official websites and social media campaigns (Rice Atkin, 2012). This helps to know about the details of the adoption and donation. The target customers can get to know about the locations of RSPCA and WWF from where people can make their contributions. Promotion Definition The management of WWF sends messages for the promotion of their campaign for donation from potential customers through the official websites, sends mails to the visitors of the page that fill the contact forms. The main types of message that are sent to the target audience of WWF comprises of the information regarding the crisis, wildlife conservation and donation details. In addition to this, the management of WWF can pass on their messages to public for generation of particularly public awareness through innovative ads (Binggeser et al., 2015). Furthermore, the WWF also undertakes digital marketing and social media campaigns, different commercials as well as hot news for sending the messages to the target audience. The social media strategy of WWF includes the usage of the Hootsuites augmented process of demographic targeting as well as geo fencing to concentrate on the target audience of specific country offices by language as well as locations (Cross et al., 2015). WWF also used the Snapchats for sending photos of endangered species that can be viewed only once signifying that the endangered species can similarly disappear and will not be seen again (Donate to WWF to help train conservation detection dogs, 2016). Figure 2: Promotional campaigns of RSPCA (Source: Events and Fundraising, 2016) Again, the management of RSPCA sends messages for the promotional campaign of adoption of pet through the official website, social media platforms, videos, posters as well as television ads. The company also makes use of direct marketing actions such as the direct emails, different electronic messages as well as sms. In addition to this, the promotional activities of the firm also includes digital campaigns for raising the awareness among the public in general and to persuade people to come forward and make their contributions towards this cause (Crouch Housden, 2012). The different channels selected for the promotional campaigns have different types of messages depending upon the channels that are used (Hair Jr Lukas, 2014). The main message of the campaign or else idea behind the campaign of RSPCA is to assist all the unwelcome animals to get another home with a new family that necessarily wants those animals. Therefore, the primary message is to raise public awareness and to donate and thereby help the deprived and harmless animals to get rid of their pitiable conditions and get a brighter future by giving them a home to live in (Kotler et al., 2015). In addition to this the management of RSPCA also wants to persuade and at the same time inform the entire public to come forward and make monetary contributions for these animals and to adopt a pet for bring about a change for the better in the lives of these animals as well as the lives of the people (Perreault Jr et al., 2013). Figure 3: Promotional campaigns of RSPCA (Source: Events and Fundraising, 2016) Target Market The target audience of RSPCA are the teenagers, pensioners, family persons, young children or else any famed person. Nevertheless, the families are the main target audience of the firm RSPCA as they have the largest propensity to adopt pets and allow them to join a family (De Mooij, 2013). Families can also provide the pets an improved lifestyle and better conditions for living and proper care. However, children can be regarded as a subset of the target segment family. Nevertheless, children find pets cute and treat them in a friendly manner and treat them with love and share love and friendship. Figure 4: Target audience (Source: Events and Fundraising, 2016) Again, the target audience of WWF includes people aged between the 18-to-25-year of both the genders. Particularly, WWF also targeted Millennials , the audience who were much dynamic on both the social as well as mobile media, specifically Twitter plus Snapchat. Again, the management of WWF also carried out research and studied the behaviour of the targeted segment on various channels. They also followed the way people shared contents in Snapchats and even the types of images with the intention of understanding the target group and institute long-term associations (Donate to WWF to help train conservation detection dogs, 2016) Fitting in the target market I myself also fit in the target market as I too have a family and can be positioned in the segment of family that can adopt a pet and look after it. At the same time, I too have the awareness regarding the endangered species and can contribute for saving the endangered species. Conclusion The above mentioned elucidates in detail the cause based marketing of two different non-profit organizations RSPCA and WWF. The present study also critically evaluates the websites for gathering the information related to the 4Ps of marketing. The above study expounds in detail the products of the two companies and illustrates both the initial as well as the ongoing price that customers need to pay for the products that is essentially for the adoption and donation in both the cases. In addition to this, the above report also explicates illustratively the place from where the products can be obtained and analyses the manner in which the customers can make a purchase. Furthermore, the study expounds in detail the promotional strategies that are used for sending the messages of the company. References Bakan, J., (2016). Social marketing: thoughts from an empathetic outsider. Journal of Marketing Management, 32(11-12), pp.1183-1189. Binggeser, E., Hampel, S.M., Hammon, L.V. Hippner, H., (2015). The Impact of Emotions on the Effectiveness of Viral Marketing Campaigns. In The Sustainable Global Marketplace (pp. 366-366). Springer International Publishing. Cross, J.C., Belich, T.J. Rudelius, W., (2015). How marketing managers use market segmentation: an exploratory study. In Proceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference (pp. 531-536). Springer International Publishing. Crouch, S. Housden, M., (2012). Marketing research for managers. Routledge. De Mooij, M., (2013). Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications. Domegan, C., Collins, K., Stead, M., McHugh, P. Hughes, T., (2013). Value co-creation in social marketing: functional or fanciful?. Journal of Social Marketing, 3(3), pp.239-256. Donate to WWF to help train conservation detection dogs. (2016). Donate.wwf.org.au. Retrieved 15 December 2016, from https://donate.wwf.org.au/campaigns/christmas2016/ Events and Fundraising. (2016). RSPCA Australia. Retrieved 15 December 2016, from https://www.rspca.org.au/get-involved/events-and-fundraising Hair Jr, J.F. Lukas, B., (2014). Marketing research. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L. Armstrong, G., (2015). Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Lefebvre, R.C., (2012). Journal of Social Marketing. Journal of Social Marketing, 2(2), pp.130-137. McKenzie-Mohr, D., (2013). Fostering sustainable behavior: An introduction to community-based social marketing. New society publishers. Perreault Jr, W., Cannon, J. McCarthy, E.J., (2013). Basic marketing. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Rice, R.E. Atkin, C.K., (2012). Public communication campaigns. Sage. Wildlife Environmental Conservation Organisation - WWF - WWF-Australia. (2016). Wwf.org.au. Retrieved 15 December 2016, from https://www.wwf.org.au/

Acclimate vs. Acclimatise

Acclimate vs. Acclimatise Acclimate vs. Acclimatise Acclimate vs. Acclimatise By Maeve Maddox In my line of work, I’m used to comments that blame American speakers for usage that British speakers find annoying. For example: How is it possible for Americans to create acclimate from acclimatise? The effect on me is far worse than hearing math or off of. I share the commenter’s feelings regarding the redundant and ugly â€Å"off of,† as in â€Å"He fell off of the wagon† but fail to understand why math should bother him. In the case of maths vs math, both are clippings of the â€Å"real† word mathematics. Unlike the ridiculous â€Å"open-mic,† which is presumably intended to be pronounced â€Å"open-mike,† both math and maths conform to English spelling conventions. As for acclimate, the form is not an American creation. The earliest citation of acclimate in the Oxford English Dictionary- from a British printed source- is dated 1792. The earliest OED citation for acclimatize (not acclimatise) is dated 1802. Although acclimate is now labeled â€Å"chiefly US usage,† both forms have a long history in British English. The Ngram Viewer set to â€Å"American English† indicates that acclimatize and acclimate were in about equal use until the 1970s, when acclimate began its rise. Set to â€Å"British English,† the Ngram Viewer shows the two forms in equal use until the period of the American Civil War (1860s), when acclimatize gains ascendancy in British printed books. Set to â€Å"English,† the Viewer shows acclimatize as the dominant form until the 1950s, when it begins to decline. The form acclimate overtakes acclimatize and surpasses it in frequency in the 1980s. Of the spellings acclimatize and acclimatise, the former is more frequent, no matter which Ngram setting- â€Å"English,† â€Å"British English† or â€Å"American English†- is used. The OED entry for the word is not treated like analyze, for example, with British analyse placed first and American analyze second. The only word in red for the entry in the OED is acclimatize. Oxford Dictionaries online acknowledges the s spelling with the note, â€Å"also acclimatise.† The Cambridge online dictionary headword is acclimatize, with a note in parentheses: (UK  usually  acclimatise). A Google search brings up the following results: â€Å"acclimate† 857,000 â€Å"acclimatize† 500,000 â€Å"acclimatise† 424,000 I am not advocating the use of acclimate over acclimatize. Although I am an American speaker, I rather think that acclimatize is the form I would use to talk about something or someone having to become accustomed to new conditions. My intention is simply to point out that this so-called â€Å"Americanism† isn’t one. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business LetterWriting the CenturyOne "L" or Two?

Internet and privacy essays

Internet and privacy essays Internet can be said as the most significant invention of the century. It simplified many annoying processes such as banking and shopping into one simple step that can be achieved at home. Nevertheless, there are some drawbacks. The control of one ¡s personal data on net is not as easy as in real life. Technologies on net can make tracking one ¡s behaviors and interests without asking for permissions possible. In other words, World Wide Web users may be monitored by someone they do not know. In what ways our personal data are leaked out and whether Internet and privacy can finally co-exist peacefully? According to  ¡Reconciling E-commerce and Privacy ¡ in  ¡Business Week ¡ of 10/05/1998, there are web sites that force the users to give out their personal data such as your name, email address, demographic information, marriage and financial status, interests, hobbies and so on while registering their products. These data will be sold or given to their marketing partners without asking the users for permission. According to the passage  ¡No Such Things as privacy ¡ in  ¡Report Newsmagazine (Alberta Edition) ¡ of 02/28/2000 Vol. 26, the emails people gives to newsgroups and business web sites may be sold to 'spammers ¡, those who send lots of advertisement messages through email to users, especially for some pornographic sites. It may cause extra time for the users to filter these 'garbage mails ¡. In addition to the information gathered from registration of products and newsgroups, commercials interested in these information uses incentives. In the passage of  ¡It ¡s free, but it ¡ll cost you ¡ in  ¡Black Enterprise ¡ September 1999 Vol. 30, the author suggests that there are companies provides free computers and free Internet services. Examples are FreePC and Netzero. The users, in return, have to give out their personal information. They have to promise that they will face the advertisements sh...

One important way monopolistically competitors differentiate their Essay

One important way monopolistically competitors differentiate their products is by location - Essay Example One such strategy involves locating shopping areas, influenced by vacation trends of consumers. Such retailers establish shopping areas either at central areas of consumer’s trip or in vacation destinations. This locational strategy has been successful to the retailers. In the short term, retailers have increased sales during the vacation times. This is because consumers who have made vacation trips prefer doing their shopping at central points of their trip (Campbell 8). On the other hand, considering a long-term strategy, particularly when several factory retail outlets cluster together in an area, they become an attraction to shoppers. Such clusters are popular since this form of vacation retail is enjoyable to the consumers. It can be because many consumers usually treat themselves with shopping when travelling than when at home. Another retail strategy based on location involves the providence of convenience to consumers. This is in particular to urban centers where shopping is an activity to compete with other activities. As such, there is the need to save on time by the consumers (Campbell 9). Retail areas close in terms of location often have those goods in high demand such as liquor or video stores. However, also based on convenience, for other exotic goods, consumers prefer areas with clusters of stores. Such areas thus have high traffic flow in terms of consumers. In the short term, this strategy of situating shopping areas in the most convenient areas beams of success because consumers want value for their time and it enables them to shop for related items in the same area. This strategy will succeed in the long term. This can be related to the convenience created by clusters of shopping stores in various areas. Consumers prefer such areas since they will get goods they need all in one trip. It also helps to avoid the hustle of comparing goods for infrequent but costly

CIPD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

CIPD - Essay Example Some internal and external factors are discussed below to realize their impact on the employment relationship. Discipline and grievances are the guidelines that are incorporated in the company’s policy and have a great significance in shaping the behavior of employees in the company. These guidelines are the rules that teach the individual about the company’s culture or way of conducting operations. These guidelines play a very important role in employment relationship. Ethics in the company also derives from these guidelines and every employee in the organization is liable to follow it. Policies design the structure and that structure shapes the behavior of individuals in the company. (CIPD, 2013a). In the employment law equal pay refers to the equal pay should be given to both men and women for the same job. None of the employer is allowed make biasness in giving equal salary or wages to men and women. The measuring standards for equal pay should be the productivity or other majors that does not consider any kind of discrimination among them. Women and men should be equally treated at the workplace and their rights should be protected completely. Gender discrimination is the only factor that is considered in equal pay law. Another perspective to analyze the injustice in equal pay is the comparison of pay with the market wage rate. If the company is paying low wage rate then it will negatively affect the employment relationship. (CIPD, 2013d). In the employment clause, religious discrimination is properly mentioned. In many countries like UAE and US there are huge number of people does not belong to the religion of most of the US and UAE people but still they are living with their own identity. Government has the responsibility to incorporate in the employment law regarding visas, work permits and emiratisation without any biasness in the processes. The work permits should be given to the deserving candidates by

Critical Analysis On Organizational Change Management Management Essay

Critical Analysis On Organizational Change Management Management Essay In recent years organisations are required to make changes for their survival. It is very important to response quickly to the modern technological advancement and competition to internal and external levels (Edmonds, 2011). So change is the regular experience in private and governmental organisation for its development. The purpose of this study is to analyse the issues of managing organisational change by various approaches. The essay will argue in brief on resistance to change and how it is handled for successful implementation of a change programme by reviewing related literature on the issue. It will more study on the ability of successful management of organisational change. In this paper, there are three main sections. First of all, change is defined on the basis of development. Then influencing factors and resistance to change are briefly discussed in two following sections. Finally, managing resistance is discussed before conclude. What is change and why change? Change is defined as any alteration of the status quo (Bartol and Martin, 1994;199). Organisational change may be defined as new ways of organizing and workingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. (Dawson, 2003; Cited by Hughes, 2006). Breu and Benwell (1999), Ragsdell (2000) as well as Bamford and Forrester (2003), define organisational change as the process of moving an organisation from some present status to new status whether it is planned or unplanned. Organisational change is a form of difference from its long term old position to introduce a new idea and action for better performance and adjustment of new environment (Schalk et al.,1998). From different perspectives , we can observe different types of changes but in generally organisational changes can be classifieds into two types- incremental and radical (Ragsdell, 2000; McAdam, 2003; Milling Zimmermann, 2010). Literature argues that the incremental change is a small scale change on its present structure and functions which is continuous, on the other hand radical change involves a large-scale basic change (McAdam, 2003; Cunha, et al, 2003; Romanelli Tushman, 1994). Furthermore, Beugelsdijk et al (2002) argue that, organisational change process initially begins with radical change and follow the incremental change that creates a prospect or a threat. In contrast, Del Val and Fuentes (2003) state that change is a general procedure of response to organisational settings because real changes are not only incremental or transformational but also a mixture of both. However Bamford and Forrester (2003) have further classified organisational change as planned and emergents.The planned approach organisational change highlights the different status which an organisation will have to shift from an unacceptable position to recognised desired position (Eldrod II and Tippett, 2002). The emergent approach change suggests that it is an unpredictable and undesirable continuous process of adjustment to changing circumstances (Burnes, 2004). But uncertainty of circumstances create emergent approach more significant than the planned approach (Bamford and Forrester, 2003). So, it is import to any organisation to identify the requirements for its prospects, and how to deal with the required changes and it is the inseparable strategy of an organisation (Burnes, 2004). Managerial proficiency is very much needed for successful change (Senior, 2002). Although for the existence and effective competition successful management of change is highly required (Luecke, 20 03). Influencing Factors : Hughes (2006) argues that, different factors can influence organisational changes, from the effect of internal control, to external rolls in consumer behaviour, or changing the business settings. The most common reasons are: Legislation, incorporation or attainment, competitive market, world economy, Structural change, technological advancement and Strategic re-organisation. Moreover, Haikonen et al (2004) argue that different important internal and external factors which influence change as policy, structure, control system, organisational culture, and power distribution. Moreover, Saka (2003) state that the external factors as national or international rules and regulations influence the organisation to accept new strategies to survive in changed situation. Furthermore, many other factors related to market competition, economic growth, and living standard also oblige organisation to commence change programmes for update and manage the external forces (Beugelsdijk, et al, 2002; Breu Benwell, 1999; Carr Hancock, 2006). Consequently, the technological advancement creates internal and external demands to generate the capabilities of organisations and assess their strategies regularly (Harris Wegg-Prosser, 2007; Ragsdell, 2000; Shaft, et al, 2008). Moreover, Eisenbach et al (1999) also recognized different factors that compel change such as innovation, new technology, workforce, productivity and working quality. Similarly, McAdam (2003) and Mukherji and Mukherji (1998) emphasize that availability of skilled employees, changing customer behavior, free flow of information and cultural change make very impact on organisation for modification on their activities and compel it to readjust or large scale change for transforming from deadlock to effectiveness. Finally, internal change factors like leadership, organisational culture, employee relationship, workload, reward system, internal politics, and communication system compel the organisation to take up change strategy (Bhatnagar, et al, 2010; Potter, 2 001; Van Marrewijk, et al, 2010; Young, 1999).On the whole, Breu and Benwell (1999) as well as Rees and Hassard (2010) emphasized the development of capabilities of managers to evaluate the situation exactly from different factors to effective management of resistance to change programme. For that reason, all managers are necessary to give appropriate concentration on this. Resistance to Change Resistance is a phenomenon which affect the change process by slowing down its starting, obstructing its accomplishment and rising its costs(Ansoff, 1990; Del Val Fuentes, 2003; Young, 1999). In contrast, resistance is a manner that tries to maintain the status quo, so it is comparable to inertia which tries to avoid change (Maurer, 1996; Rumelt, 1995). Similarly, Jansen (1996), Potter (2001) as well as Romanelli and Tushman (1994) argue that organisational change permeates resistance from the persons as their calm sector are influenced by creating stress, insecurity and uncertainty. Moreover, Ford et al (2002) as well as Reissner (2010) support that resistance comes about since a change program threatens existing status, or causes fear of supposed consequences like trouble in personal security and apprehension about new capability and skills to perform in the changed surroundings. On the other hand, resistance by workforce may be seen as a general part of any change process and in this manner a valuable source of knowledge and useful in learning how to manage successful change process (Antonacopoulou Gabriel, 2001; Bhatnagar, et al, 2010; Bovey Hede, 2001). Furthermore, Antonacopoulou and Gabriel (2001) and Lamb and Cox (1999) argue that unusual community will resist any change program for various reasons including misunderstanding, inconvenience, negative rumor, economic proposition, low tolerance for change and fear of the unknown. However, the observation of annoyance in long standing custom associated with change initiatives finally contribute in the appearance of resistance, mainly from middle managers who resist for the reason that of the fear of threat to their current position and supremacy (Marjanovic, 2000; Ragsdell, 2000; Saka, 2000). In addition, Pardo del val et al (2003) suggested that the sources of resistance classified into five factions which affect both formulation and implementation stages of change program. It includes wrong preliminary perception, low motivation for change, lack of creative response, political and cultural stalemate to change and shortage of the essential qualifications to implement change. Moreover, in manipulative business environment, where major focus is on productivity and centralisation, occurrences higher rate of resistance than manipulative business units having a more open culture, giving freedom to explore new capacities and technologies (Mirow, et al, 2008; Valle, 2002).Accordingly, Lamb and Cox (1999) and Trader-Leigh (2002) indicate that dispute of resistance in public sector is much higher than that of private sector.However, Bovey and Hede (2001) as well as Del Val and Fuentes (2003) discover that when change principles and organisational principles are usually different then the workers show resistance to change while individual anxiety, ineffective management, failure precedent, little inspiration, insufficient tactical vision and pessimism are several sources of resistant. So, if the ground of change is not well planned and competently managed then the employees may prevent the change initiatives and they will apply protection policy to resist because of apprehension that they will be oppressed by others (Bovey Hede, 2001; Perren Megginson, 1996). Nevertheless, Jones et al (2008) argue that employees do not generally resist cultural issues to obtain a distinct policy for successful implementation of change.(Diefenbach, 2007; Lamb Cox, 1999). However, Mabin et al. (2001) argued that resistance to change sometimes have positive features and objectives and it may helps to take better decision for the interest of Organisation. So in general, resistance is not a negative idea. Because change is not always useful for organisation. Moreover, resistance might prove change managers convinced characteristic which are not accurately considered in change process (Waddell and Sohal, 1998). Managing Resistance: Resistance to change is an important matter in change management and participatory approach is the best way to manage resistance for successful change(Del-Val et al., 2o12). Potter (2001) and Ragsdell (2000) support that resistance to organisational change have to be observed as a prospect and preparing people for change as well as permitting them to vigorously participate in the change process. Furthermore, Conner (1998) affirms that the negative effects of resistance occurred from major changes can be minimize by open discussion. Moreover Judson (1991) asserts that effective change can be committed and resistance can be reduced by commitment and participation of employees. Del-val et al (2012) suggest that Participation of stake holders show the way to commitment and commitment keeps away from resistance. So involvement of all people to change process may overcome the resistance but they argue that it is also time consuming. If there is enough time to change then participatory meth od will be very effective way to reduce resistance and have successful change to an organization (Lenz and Lyles, 1986). Generally, there is no universal proposal to avoid resistance to change, however, Del- val et al (2003) suggest that managers can pay a vital role to minimize the resistance to change. Firstly, they have to consider organizational culture related to change objectives and take necessary steps to fill the that cultural gap. Another thing is training which can overcome communicational complexity to avoid resistance occurred by communicational difficulties and achieve the required capabilities to attain successful change. In addition, contemporary managers required to examine and categorize all the stakeholders as change worker, impartial, conservatives or resistor as per their function in resistance to change so as to apply obligatory approach upon the definite form of people so that they feel like accommodating the change program willingly (Chrusciel Field, 2006; Lamb Cox, 1999). Moreover, it is essential to engage people in all stages of the procedure for successful completion of ch ange where effective communication of change objectives can play one of the most important roles (Becker, 2010; Beugelsdijk, et al, 2002; Frahm Brown, 2007; Lamb Cox, 1999). Accordingly, Potter (2001) as well as Van Hoek et al (2010) suggests that for managing resistance to change successfully, organisations must build up the capability to predict changes and working approaches to the changes and thereby engage the employees to face the challenges sincerely with complete preparation. Similarly, Caldwell (2003) and Macadam (1996) propose that smooth running of organization managers should be open for involvement of employees at every steps of decision making process and productivity. Moreover, usually resistance happens as a result of misinterpretation among peoples and hence, in each change program it is essential that everyone concerned realizes the reason following the change from upper level to the lower level where training and cooperation may speed up the procedure (Beugelsdijk, et al, 2002; Johnson, 2004; Taylor, 1999). In addition, at the moment of crisis and ambiguity people require results, accomplishments and successful communication which will assist reduce anxiety and eventually produce enthusiasm for change amongst the employees (Hill Collins, 2000a; Potter, 2001). Consequently, the new public management emphasizes new type of policies which presume a flexible, open and more creative structure and therefore proactively illustrative targets, setting superior examples and creating exciting position might be regarded as a number of core leadership capabilities essential for routing change (Beugelsdijk, et al, 2002; Chrusciel Field, 2006; Harris Wegg -Prosser, 2007). Moreover, Aladwani (2001) rationalizes that opening human abilities of the workers by permitting them to use their intelligence being innovative at work takes place to be important where the function of managers have to be renamed from manager to trainer as to donate continuously on self-confidence building all over the business. Furthermore, alongside the background of rapidly growing technological improvement and deregulation since the early 1990s, ritual approach can no longer arrange the modern perception of shocking ambiguity and insistent change relatively dispersed organisations are probable to authorize the employees (Caldwell (2003; Harris Wegg-Prosser, 2007). In addition, Andrews et al (2008) and Caldwell (2003) have the same opinion with Frahm and Brown (2007) that not like the conventional top-down bureaucratic systems; the present managers must receive bottom-up participatory strategy by discussing with stakeholders. Caldwell (2003) more recommends tha t change managers should uphold possession of the change approach along with the stakeholders by connecting them in the process, who distinguish the authenticity of the business and it is usually they who grasp answer key to the problems. Lastly, as contextualization is the main element of any societal and organisational change, in the twenty-first century circumstance, the status quo is not a suitable preference and organisations must get slant and vigorous for the modern world of digital convergence (Carr Hancock, 2006; Harris Wegg-Prosser, 2007; Milling Zimmermann, 2010). Additionally, Bamford and Forrester (2003), Diefenbach (2007) and Eisenbach et al (1999) consent that in the growing approach to managing change, elder managers transform themselves from administrator to facilitator and the major accountability of execution vest on the middle managers. Also, Diefenbach (2007) more highlights that middle managers should cooperate with peers, divisions, consumers, dealers and also with the senior managements as if they are the key player of organisational change programs. Furthermore, Bamford and Forrester (2003) as well as Diefenbach (2007) consider Lewinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s (1958) three step model of freezing, unfreezing and refreezing, have supported that prior to effective implementation of any new manners, the old one has to be untrained. Consequently, the notion of applying linear change plan is a conventional observation but complex up-to-date position is that four different kinds of change factors- specifically top managers, and middle managers, ex ternal performers, consultants, and teams- everyone having various experiences and perspectives- must be engaged in any specific change process (Andrews, et al, 2008; Caldwell, 2003; Frahm Brown, 2007). At last, Burnes (2004) concludes that in the gradually changing world, the capability to make internal change of an organization with the help of the external factors is very much essential for its survival. Recommendations for Further Research: Drawing the attention on change agenda in general, there may be basic requirement of an appropriate outline for organisational change management. Due to shortage of experimental study on change management in organisations, it is recommended that more research into the character of change management will be conducted. The primary step in this course may be to complete investigative studies to enhance the understanding of organisational change management. The significant success factors can be identified by these studies for the change management. Moreover, it is very much essential to determine success rate for creating a suitable structure for change management. Therefore, techniques of determinations should be designed (Todnem By, 2005). Conclusion: It is clear from the article that change is a pervasive factor which affects all organisations. Therefore, sskill is very much essential for successful change management (Todnem By, 2005). By reviewing the related literature on organisational change management and considering different views and arguments connected with the issue, this article has found out that resistance to change is an important reason to consider in any change process, since an appropriate management of resistance is the solution for a successful change . (Del-Val et al., 2003). However, resistance to change develops from various sources and as it is a complex area of management discipline, there is no particular solution generally applicable in the approach of directing change (Bamford Forrester, 2003; Trader-Leigh, 2002; Young, 2009). Perhaps, ensuring extensive participation of employees at all levels in the change procedure might be the best way to resolve resistance to organisational change but this is cert ainly very difficult considering various factors having persuaded on the organisation directly or indirectly mutually from internal and external accumulation (Del Val Fuentes, 2012). On the whole, the managers require increasing particular capabilities to facilitate managing change by taking into consideration time and space as well as irrational factors in the change program (Carr Hancock, 2006). Moreover, this essay agrees with the idea that change program completely depends on the managers who involve from the initial stage to final stage of change initiatives (Antonacopoulou Gabriel, 2001; Hoag, et al, 2002). Furthermore, it has determined that individuals resist change mostly from the observation of loss, uncertainty and apprehension about their self benefits, organisations should make clear the objectives of change program to all stakeholders to get the support for performing on change (Andrews, et al, 2008; Potter, 2001). In addition, this study illustrates that a planned change program fail mainly for the lack of organisational willingness and the mangers should have the capability of being more practical, more flexible and more adventuresome in this context (Judge Douglas, 2009; Newman, 1998; Young, 2009). Finally, this essay has critically analysed different views and arguments related to change management searching a number of excellence resources presented on the topic and briefly discussed by isolating it into introduction and definition followed by three sections that is factors influencing change, resistance to change and managing resistance before concluding. To finish, considering all arguments this paper concludes that the organisational capability to achieve any change is always more important strategic demand and essential for survival s(Edmonds, 2011).

Placebos: Can a Sugar Pill Cure? :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Placebos: Can a Sugar Pill Cure? Placebo: the word is Latin for "I will please." Originally it started the Vespers for the dead, often sung by hired mourners, and eventually "to sing placebos" came to mean to flatter or placate (1). Later, the term was used for any kind of quack medicine. Today, it is a medicine that has no value in itself, but improves a patient's condition because the patient believes it to be potent. Belief in a swallowed sugar pill or saline injection has been shown to produce real reactions. 80% of patients given sugar water and told it is an emetic respond by vomiting (1). People often show an allergic response to something they believe they are allergic to, even if it is only plastic flowers. Does this strong reaction hold true for more serious medical conditions, then? There are three explanations as to why placebos may work. The first, called the opoid model, says that the positive response is a result of endorphins released in response to swallowing a pill, etc. The second is the conditioning model, which holds that the important factor is not the medicine, but contact with a medical professional. Because patients are used to getting better after they go into a doctor's office and talk to someone in a white coat, they are psychologically conditioned to get better after contact with the medical environment. The last is the expectancy model, in which patients improve because they expect the placebo to have a certain effect. There are even more arguments, though, as to how the placebo effect has been exaggerated or fabricated. Some studies include additional treatment along with the medication, sosimply being in a study may produce results (1). Some studies on placebos often show similar rates of success for a drug and a placebo, but do not include a control in which no treatment is used. In such studies, it is impossible to tell what improvement was actually due to the placebo and what would have happened anyway (3). Patients may also tend to report improvement because they think this is what is expected. This is especially true with poorly designed response forms with more options for improvement than worsening. Many illnesses, like colds, improve by themselves given time. Others, like depression and chronic pain, fluctuate. Thus improvement in these types of illness might well have happened without any medicine or placebo.

Marbury vs. Madison

Marbury vs. Madison (5 U.S. 137, 1803) involved an application for a writ of mandamus against the then Secretary of State Madison, directing him to deliver to Marbury his commission as a Justice of the Peace for the District of Columbia.   In determining whether or not mandamus would lie, the Supreme Court made a four part inquiry involving the following questions, to wit: 1) whether or not the applicant Madison has a right to the commission he demands; 2) in the affirmative, whether or not the laws of the United States afford him a remedy for its violation; 3) in the affirmative, whether or not mandamus is the proper remedy. The case is considered a landmark case, because it was the first time that the US Supreme Court, through then Chief Justice Marshall, enunciated the doctrine of judicial review, i.e., that the Supreme Court has the power to review federal or state legislation, or acts of government officers and other individuals, to determine whether or not they are in consonance with the provisions of the Constitution, and to strike down such laws and acts if they are found to be unconstitutional.   Specifically, Chief Justice Marshall stated that: â€Å"†If an act of the legislature, repugnant to the constitution, is void, does it notwithstanding its invalidity, bind the courts, and oblige them to give it effect?†¦ It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is†¦If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each (5 U.S. 137, 178).   So if a law be in opposition to the constitution; if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the constitution; or conformably to the constitution, disregarding the law; the court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case. This is of the very essence of judicial duty† (5 U.S. 137, 179). Over the years, the doctrine of federal and state judicial review has been developed and enhanced, despite there being no express provision on its grant to the judicial branch of government under the constitution.   In interpreting the constitution, there are generally six forms of construction that are usually applied, i.e., historical, textual, structural, doctrinal, ethical, and prudential (Fallon, 1987). The historical construction centers on the original legislative intent behind the provision, while the textual interpretation involves the text itself, and the structural interpretation contrasts the text with the structure given in the constitution.   Ethical and prudential considerations generally involve a determination of whether or not it would be proper, ethical, or wise to make a ruling.   The doctrinal form of construction involves another doctrine, that of stare decisis. The complete Latin term is stare decisis et non quiete movere.   Literally translated, it means â€Å"stand by decisions and do not move that which is quiet.†Ã‚   The doctrine of stare decisis or of case precedents is one of the central tenets of a common law legal system.   Past precedent generally circumscribes the leeway by which a court can address a certain issue, because the rule is that once something has heretofore been judicially determined, then that is all there is to it.   â€Å"Stare decisis is usually the wise policy, because in most matters it is more important that the applicable rule of law be settled than that it be settled right. . . . This is commonly true even where the error is a matter of serious concern, provided correction can be had by legislation.   But in cases involving the Federal Constitution, where correction through legislative action is practically impossible, this Court has often overruled its earlier decisions.   The Court bows to the lessons of experience and the force of better reasoning, recognizing that the process of trial and error so fruitful in the physical sciences, is appropriate also in the judicial function† (Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co., 285 U.S. 393, 1932). For some justices, the doctrine of stare decisis would be no doctrine at all, if overruling justices gave reasons that did not go beyond pointing out that the previous decision was wrong (Nelson, 2001).   This presents a huge burden on the exercise of judicial review, especially since cases hinging on the constitutionality of statutes are usually considered landmark cases and are the basis for applying the stare decisis doctrine. The main arguments against the doctrine of judicial review are against its validity, in that, as mentioned, it is not specifically vested as a power of the judiciary in the constitution, and that it goes against the doctrine of stare decisis.   The proponents of the validity of judicial review would rely on the broad definition of judicial power under the constitution, and the fact that it has been long recognized and accepted in other common law jurisdictions. If judicial review were considered an absolute power, it would definitely undermine the common law doctrine of stare decisis, because judges and justices would be given free reign to determine what the law is and apply their interpretations on a case to case basis whenever they saw fit.   However, to think that either judicial review or stare decisis are absolutes would be absurd, because no government power is absolute. Instead of focusing on an apparent conflict or adverse relationship between the two, it is submitted that despite the criticisms against judicial review, it is an inherent function of judicial power, and should be harmonized with the stare decisis doctrine.   One author proposes thus: â€Å"Even in cases of first impression, judges do not purport to have unconstrained discretion to enforce whatever rules they please.   Many of their arguments appeal instead to external sources of law, like statutes or established customs. These external sources of law will often be indeterminate and incomplete; they will leave considerable room for judicial discretion.   But unless they are wholly indeterminate, they will still tend to produce some degree of consistency in judicial decisions.   If †¦the primary purpose of stare decisis is to protect the rule of law by avoiding an endless series of changes in judicial decisions, we may be able to achieve this purpose without applying a general presumption against overruling past decisions. We may, in short, be able to refine the doctrine of stare decisis to take advantage of the consistency that would tend to exist even in its absence† (Nelson, 2001).   The doctrine of stare decisis is about stability, while judicial review is about fairness and justice.   Applying both and harmonizing their purposes would allow for flexibility and wisdom, especially in cases when past decisions are not on all fours with the facts of the case at hand. Reference List: Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co., 285 U.S. 393 (1932) (dissenting opinion by Justice Brandeis). Fallon. (1987). A Constructivist Coherence Theory of Constitutional Interpretation. 100 Harv. L. Rev. 1189. Marbury vs. Madison, 5 U.S. 147 (1803). Nelson, C. (2001). Stare Decisis an Marbury vs. Madison Marbury vs. Madison (5 U.S. 137, 1803) involved an application for a writ of mandamus against the then Secretary of State Madison, directing him to deliver to Marbury his commission as a Justice of the Peace for the District of Columbia.   In determining whether or not mandamus would lie, the Supreme Court made a four part inquiry involving the following questions, to wit: 1) whether or not the applicant Madison has a right to the commission he demands; 2) in the affirmative, whether or not the laws of the United States afford him a remedy for its violation; 3) in the affirmative, whether or not mandamus is the proper remedy. The case is considered a landmark case, because it was the first time that the US Supreme Court, through then Chief Justice Marshall, enunciated the doctrine of judicial review, i.e., that the Supreme Court has the power to review federal or state legislation, or acts of government officers and other individuals, to determine whether or not they are in consonance with the provisions of the Constitution, and to strike down such laws and acts if they are found to be unconstitutional.   Specifically, Chief Justice Marshall stated that: â€Å"†If an act of the legislature, repugnant to the constitution, is void, does it notwithstanding its invalidity, bind the courts, and oblige them to give it effect?†¦ It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is†¦If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each (5 U.S. 137, 178).   So if a law be in opposition to the constitution; if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the constitution; or conformably to the constitution, disregarding the law; the court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case. This is of the very essence of judicial duty† (5 U.S. 137, 179). Over the years, the doctrine of federal and state judicial review has been developed and enhanced, despite there being no express provision on its grant to the judicial branch of government under the constitution.   In interpreting the constitution, there are generally six forms of construction that are usually applied, i.e., historical, textual, structural, doctrinal, ethical, and prudential (Fallon, 1987). The historical construction centers on the original legislative intent behind the provision, while the textual interpretation involves the text itself, and the structural interpretation contrasts the text with the structure given in the constitution.   Ethical and prudential considerations generally involve a determination of whether or not it would be proper, ethical, or wise to make a ruling.   The doctrinal form of construction involves another doctrine, that of stare decisis. The complete Latin term is stare decisis et non quiete movere.   Literally translated, it means â€Å"stand by decisions and do not move that which is quiet.†Ã‚   The doctrine of stare decisis or of case precedents is one of the central tenets of a common law legal system.   Past precedent generally circumscribes the leeway by which a court can address a certain issue, because the rule is that once something has heretofore been judicially determined, then that is all there is to it.   â€Å"Stare decisis is usually the wise policy, because in most matters it is more important that the applicable rule of law be settled than that it be settled right. . . . This is commonly true even where the error is a matter of serious concern, provided correction can be had by legislation.   But in cases involving the Federal Constitution, where correction through legislative action is practically impossible, this Court has often overruled its earlier decisions.   The Court bows to the lessons of experience and the force of better reasoning, recognizing that the process of trial and error so fruitful in the physical sciences, is appropriate also in the judicial function† (Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co., 285 U.S. 393, 1932). For some justices, the doctrine of stare decisis would be no doctrine at all, if overruling justices gave reasons that did not go beyond pointing out that the previous decision was wrong (Nelson, 2001).   This presents a huge burden on the exercise of judicial review, especially since cases hinging on the constitutionality of statutes are usually considered landmark cases and are the basis for applying the stare decisis doctrine. The main arguments against the doctrine of judicial review are against its validity, in that, as mentioned, it is not specifically vested as a power of the judiciary in the constitution, and that it goes against the doctrine of stare decisis.   The proponents of the validity of judicial review would rely on the broad definition of judicial power under the constitution, and the fact that it has been long recognized and accepted in other common law jurisdictions. If judicial review were considered an absolute power, it would definitely undermine the common law doctrine of stare decisis, because judges and justices would be given free reign to determine what the law is and apply their interpretations on a case to case basis whenever they saw fit.   However, to think that either judicial review or stare decisis are absolutes would be absurd, because no government power is absolute. Instead of focusing on an apparent conflict or adverse relationship between the two, it is submitted that despite the criticisms against judicial review, it is an inherent function of judicial power, and should be harmonized with the stare decisis doctrine.   One author proposes thus: â€Å"Even in cases of first impression, judges do not purport to have unconstrained discretion to enforce whatever rules they please.   Many of their arguments appeal instead to external sources of law, like statutes or established customs. These external sources of law will often be indeterminate and incomplete; they will leave considerable room for judicial discretion.   But unless they are wholly indeterminate, they will still tend to produce some degree of consistency in judicial decisions.   If †¦the primary purpose of stare decisis is to protect the rule of law by avoiding an endless series of changes in judicial decisions, we may be able to achieve this purpose without applying a general presumption against overruling past decisions. We may, in short, be able to refine the doctrine of stare decisis to take advantage of the consistency that would tend to exist even in its absence† (Nelson, 2001).   The doctrine of stare decisis is about stability, while judicial review is about fairness and justice.   Applying both and harmonizing their purposes would allow for flexibility and wisdom, especially in cases when past decisions are not on all fours with the facts of the case at hand. Reference List: Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co., 285 U.S. 393 (1932) (dissenting opinion by Justice Brandeis). Fallon. (1987). A Constructivist Coherence Theory of Constitutional Interpretation. 100 Harv. L. Rev. 1189. Marbury vs. Madison, 5 U.S. 147 (1803). Nelson, C. (2001). Stare Decisis an

Kite Runner; Past Regrets - 1885 Words

The Kite Runner is a book that was written by Khaled Hosseini from a young boy’s perspective named Amir who lived with his father, Baba, and two Hazaras named Ali and Hassan in Kabul, Afghanistan. They lived here during the Russian War and had escaped to America to find peace and happiness. We learn about Amir’s childhood struggles and his efforts to be what his father wanted him to be and to be a good friend like Hassan is to him. Amir knows that Hassan is better than what he deserves; he knows he is guilty through his secrets and his selfishness. Materialistically, Amir and his father had a good life and treated Ali and Hassan quite well, but we discover that there is a reason for the good treatment that they receive from mainly Baba.†¦show more content†¦Amir begins to attempt to catch her, Soraya’s, attention since he thinks of her as a beauty and wants to get to know her a bit. He goes to her booth and talks to her about books and always avoids bein g there when her father is in the booth. This friendship eventually begins to sprout into a marriage. Baba asks General Taheri, Soraya’s father, if it is okay with him if she marries Amir and the General accepted. They have a traditional Afghanistanian marriage and begin to live with each other and Baba. At this point, Baba is in terrible condition. He is getting smaller and weaker every day. Soraya suggested to stay living with him and to take care of him for as long as possible. After Baba loses his grip on life, Soraya and Amir move out and find a decent home for themselves to finally start anew. In this new home, Soraya and Amir are constantly trying and trying for a baby. Soraya’s reproductive system fails and the depressive mood of their life begins to set in. Life becomes a dreadful thing and soon a change will come for them both. One day while at home, Amir gets a call from Rahim Khan telling him that he needs to come to Afghanistan because he is sick and he wa nts Amir to get his redemption. He tells him that there is a way for him to be good again. He goes to Pakistan and meets up with Rahim and everything seems to be rundown and soldiers are everywhere. Rahim tells the whole story toShow MoreRelatedRedemption is a capacity that both Amir from the remarkable novel Kite Runner, written by Khaled900 Words   |  4 PagesRedemption is a capacity that both Amir from the remarkable novel Kite Runner, written by Khaled Hosseni along with Walt Kalwoski the main character of the unforgettable movie Gran Tornio, directed by Clint Eastwood, withhold. Both Walt and Amir were collided with life changing events that later shaped the individuals they are today. 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